Lithium-titanate batteries (LTO batteries) are an advanced development of lithium-ion batteries, where the negative electrode made of graphite is replaced by a sintered electrode made of lithium titanate spinel (Li4Ti5O12). This prevents the formation of an insulating surface layer, which leads to aging in conventional lithium-ion batteries. LTO batteries are characterized by a very high number of charge-discharge cycles. Another advantage is the ability to operate at low temperatures, specifically in the deep range well below 0°C. LTO batteries can also be operated at ambient temperatures of -40°C. They are also capable of being charged very quickly, with a full charge possible within about 10 minutes.